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THIS WEEK’S CONTENT
WATCH THE WEEKLY CAM NEWSLETTER SUMMARY BELOW
TAKE ACTION
(1 Piece)
TAKE ACTION: URGE THE EU TO DESIGNATE ALL OF HEZBOLLAH A TERRORIST ORGANIZATION
By American Jewish Committee
Sign the petition asking Congress to urge the Europeans to do the right thing and designate all of Hezbollah a terrorist organization. Hezbollah is a global terrorist organization, armed and supported by Iran.
Yet, defying all logic, the European Union insists there are actually two Hezbollahs—one “political,” the other “military,” banning only the latter in 2013. This is self-delusion at its worst and most dangerous, allowing Hezbollah to operate its “political” wing in Europe by recruiting members and raising funds. Sign Here
Special Feature
(2 Pieces)
1. CAM Supports United Hatzalah COVID-19 Emergency Response Fund
To support COVID-19 relief efforts during this difficult time, we teamed up with United Hatzalah of Israel to raise money for lifesaving PPE and medical equipment for front line workers. For each signature received, CAM committed to donating $1 to the United Hatzalah Emergency COVID-19 Response Fund. In honor of #GivingTuesdayNow, we are proud to announce that we raised a total of $5,362 for this life-saving cause.
2. Emma Lazarus Art Award Winner – Poem: The Nations Will See
By Lauren Fiala
The Combat Anti-Semitism Venture Creative Contest encouraged people of all backgrounds to create new solutions solutions towards ending “the world’s oldest hatred”. The Emma Lazarus Art Award for the Venture Creative Contest was inspired by Lazarus, a Latina Jew whose poem “The New Colossus” transformed the meaning of the Statue of Liberty. People were encouraged to revive her example to tackle anti-Semitism through art.
One of our Emma Lazarus Art Award winners is Lauren Fiala! Her submission was a powerful poem called ‘The Nations Will See’ that expresses a vision of light conquering darkness and standing up proudly as a Jew.
UNITED STATES
(5 Articles)
1. US Jewish security network plans for threats when institutions reopen
By Marcy Oster
Secure Community Network, the security consultancy for US Jewish organizations, has set up a task force to prepare Jewish institutions to face the threats that might come when the coronavirus pandemic recedes and doors reopen. “Individuals and groups have been identified that are seeking to exploit the pandemic to incite anti-Semitism and encourage violence,” according to SCN. Read Here
2. Ohio state representative calls state’s Jewish Department of Health director a ‘globalist’
By MARCY OSTER
An Ohio state representative drew criticism for calling the state’s Jewish Department of Health director a “globalist.” In a Facebook post, Rep. Nino Vitale said the director, Amy Acton, was denying state residents their human rights by extending a stay-at-home order until May 29. Read Here
3. Protesters return to Dr. Amy Acton’s home
By JANE KAUFMAN
30 protesters staged a second protest at the home of Dr. Amy Acton, the Jewish director of the Ohio Department of Health. One girl at the protest carried a sign that read “Jewish Leaders John 7:1,” a reference to Christian Scriptures. Specifically, the New Living Translation of that verse reads, “After this, Jesus traveled around Galilee. He wanted to stay out of Judea, where the Jewish leaders were plotting his death.” Read Here
4. Pennsylvania lawmaker compares governor’s handling of coronavirus information to Nazi Germany
By MARCY OSTER
A Pennsylvania state lawmaker has compared Gov. Tom Wolf’s refusal to release some coronavirus data and information to Nazi Germany. State Rep. Cris Dush made the statement during a House State Government Committee hearing and reportedly apologized after the hearing. Read Here
5. Sign with Auschwitz slogan displayed at Chicago protest against stay-at-home orders
By JACKSON RICHMAN
A sign playing off the Auschwitz slogan “work sets you free” was featured at a protest in Chicago where hundreds of demonstrators railed against state restrictions imposed in response to the coronavirus. A protester held a handwritten sign reading, Arbeit macht frei, JB. The first three words are part of the sign leading into the former Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp in Poland, where at least 1.1 million Jews, were killed. Read Here
WORLD News
(4 Pieces)
1. IN-DEPTH: THIS WEEK’S NEWS ON ANTI-SEMITISM IN THE UK
Outrage after Labour MPs take part in meeting with expelled activists
By MATHILDE FROT
The Board of Deputies has called for “swift and decisive action” after Labour MPs tuned into a Zoom call featuring expelled activists Tony Greenstein and Jackie Walker. “It is completely unacceptable that Labour MPs should be sharing platforms with those that have been expelled from the party [for anti-Semitism]. Read Here
YouTube deletes conspiracy theorist David Icke’s account
By JEWISH NEWS REPORTER
YouTube has deleted conspiracy theorist David Icke’s account. The video-sharing site said the 68-year-old violated its policies on sharing information about coronavirus. The former footballer has made unproven claims about the virus and has previously claimed the world is run by reptiles, and has faced accusations of anti-Semitism from anti-racism and Jewish groups in the past. Read Here
Rosena Allin-Khan: ‘Make the Labour a toxic environment for anti-Semites’
By JENNI FRAZER
Labour’s Shadow Mental Health Minister, Rosena Allin-Khan, says “there is a need to make the Labour Party a toxic environment for anti-Semites”. She made a series of trenchant comments about Labour and anti-Semitism in conversation with the former director of the Jewish Labour Movement and Limmud activist, Ella Rose. Read Here
Former Brent mayor says posting anti-Semitic video on residents’ WhatsApp group was a “mistake”
By Lee Harpin
The former Labour mayor of Brent has claimed that he made a “mistake” when circulating a video clip in which it is suggested “the Jewish lobby” controls America. Cllr Aslam Choudry, a councillor in the Dudden Hill ward, sparked anger amongst locals on a WhatsApp group set up to support the community during the current Covid-19 crisis when he posted the clip. Read Here
UK Labour general secretary resigns after tenure tainted with anti-Semitism
By JNS
U.K. Labour General Secretary Jennie Formby, who once said it’s “impossible to eradicate anti-Semitism,” has resigned from the position, the party has announced. Formby said she applied for the role two years ago “to support Jeremy Corbyn,” but with new party leader Keir Starmer, “it is the right time to step down.” Read Here
Supreme Court BDS ruling will not prevent divestment ban
By Lee Harpin
The Supreme Court’s “narrow” technical ruling against the government over local authority divestments will not prevent forthcoming legislation to ban public bodies from imposing boycotts, the Conservative Friends of Israel group has said. In to last week’s ruling that former Communities Secretary Said Javid had gone too far in telling local councils that they could not choose to shun certain countries when investing pension funds, CFIsaid the judge’s decision “serves to reinforce the importance of the government’s forthcoming legislation.” Read Here
Labour investigating activist’s claim the ‘Board will choose’ Formby’s successor
By JEWISH NEWS REPORTER
Labour is investigating a Hackney activist who claimed the Board of Deputies would “chose” [sic] Jennie Formby’s successor as the next general secretary of the party. Taking to Twitter, Craig Parr asked: “Who will the Board of Deputies chose [sic] to replace her?”. Shortly after, his social media account was put into a private setting. Read Here
Threat to ‘bomb’ the Board of Deputies reported to police
By JEWISH NEWS REPORTER
A threat to bomb the Board of Deputies has been reported to the police. Jackie Walker, who was kicked out of the Labour party, posted on her Facebook account, saying: “Dear BoD, Kier [sic] Starmer, ‘Jewish Community Groups’ – if you want race conflict, you are going the right way. Stop it now.” In the comments under her post, a user called Paul Blackburn wrote: “Bomb the bod…The bullet & the bomb is the only way this country will ever be free!” Read Here
2. IN DEPTH: THIS WEEK’S NEWS ON ANTI-SEMITISM in germany
Anti-Semitic al-Quds rally cancelled in Berlin following ban of Hezbollah
By BENJAMIN WEINTHAL
The organizer of the annual anti-Israel al-Quds Day rally, pulled the plug on its mid-May event in the heart of Berlin after the German government banned all Hezbollah activities within the federal republic. Al-Quds Day calls for the obliteration of the Jewish state and is attended by neo-Nazis, Hezbollah members, and BDS activists. Read Here
Jew from Dusseldorf horrified as strangers smear disgusting Nazi symbols at his home
By Barbara Kirchner
Srulek Bines (65) is a Jew. He hardly lives the religion himself, but his parents were inmates in concentration camps. Just in front of his home, strangers first scribbled swastikas and stars of David on the sidewalk before they smeared several Nazi symbols in his hallway. Read Here
B’nai B’rith Int’l slams German diplomat for defending pro-BDS academic
By BENJAMIN WEINTHAL
The fallout from an anti-Israel scandal embroiling Germany’s foreign ministry widened with B’nai B’rith International blasting a diplomat for defending an academic who spreads anti-Semitism. “we write to express our deep dismay at recent tweets by Andreas Görgen, the Ministry’s director for culture and communication. Mr. Görgen has posted multiple times on his official twitter feed in defense of Achille Mbembe, a Holocaust-minimizer and denier of Israel’s right to exist,“ the organization wrote. Read Here
portraits of concentration camp survivors defaced
By Bild
Unknown persons have once again defaced the open-air exhibition with photo portraits of survivors of the Buchenwald concentration camp. Five leaflets related to the current corona pandemic have been attached to the portraits. Several portraits with stickers labeled “risk group” were defaced. Read Here
Catholic Church in Germany was ‘complicit’ in Nazi crimes, German Bishops’ Conference says
By MARCY OSTER
Catholic bishops in Germany “made themselves complicit” in Nazi crimes according to a report by the German Bishops’ Conference. The president of the conference, Bishop Georg Baetzing, presented the findings of a 23-page report, “German Bishops in the World War.” The report also said that while the bishops did not share Hitler’s racial ideology, they still helped support “both soldiers and the regime. Read Here
3. IN DEPTH: THIS WEEK’S NEWS ON ANTI-SEMITISM ACROSS THE MIDDLE EAST
Paper of Iran’s leader accuses Germany of terrorism in anti-Semitic tirade
By BENJAMIN WEINTHAL
The main propaganda newspaper for the supreme leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran published anti-Semitic articles attacking Germany for its ban of Hezbollah, accusing the federal republic of support for terrorism. The Iranian-regime controlled Daily Kayhan published an article titled “Germany blacklisted Hezbollah out of fear” which said Berlin is effectively “in rent for the Zionists.” Read Here
‘Merkel worse than Hitler, envoy Israeli spy,’ says anti-Semitic Iran paper
By BENJAMIN WEINTHAL
The Iranian paper Vatan-e Emrooz (Homeland Today) lashed out in an anti-Semitic diatribe against German Chancellor Angela Merkel and the federal republic’s ambassador to Tehran for Berlin’s ban of Hezbollah. A headline of the article reads “Zionist Spy” and shows a picture of Germany’s ambassador to Iran, Michael Klor-Berchtold. A separate headline on the front page declares: “Merkel worse than Hitler.” Read Here
4. IN DEPTH: OTHER WORLD NEWS
B’nai Brith Seeks Charges over Anti-Semitic Prayers in Toronto
BY B’nai Brith Canada
B’nai Brith Canada has filed a complaint with Toronto Police after video recently surfaced of a local imam advocating the complete destruction of the Jews. In a video posted to YouTube by Kamil Ahmad, Ahmad calls on Allah to “deal with the Jews” and “destroy them completely.” Read Here
Lenin’s Statue vandalized with Anti-Jewish graffiti in Kotka, Finland
By WZO
The statue of Lenin has been vandalized in Kotka. The star of David, symbolizing Judaism, is painted on the forehead and foundation of the statue of V.I. Lenin. The foundation of the statue is also inscribed with paint reading “Jewish mass murderer.” Read Here
Alberta union head describes ‘scrambling’ for shekels in criticism of health care payout
By MARCY OSTER
The head of the largest union in Alberta, Canada, apologized after he used an anti-Semitic stereotype to criticize a $2-an-hour increase in pay for health-care aides. Guy Smith, president of the Alberta Union of Provincial Employees, said: “When [Provincial Health] Minister [Tyler] Shandro…threw a few shekels on the ground to see who would go scrambling for it and then he just walked away.” Read Here
‘Sickening, vile’: Outrage over Miss Hitler pageant in Australia
BY AJN STAFF
The Anti-Defamation Commission (ADC) has appealed to GoDaddy.com to take down the domain of the site running the “Miss Hitler 2020” pageant, calling it “an incitement to murder”. The competition encourages women to enter by posting sexy Nazi-themed photos together with an entry explaining why they “love and revere the Third Reich of Adolf Hitler”. Read Here
ON CAMPUS
(2 Articles)
1. Despite Passionate Defense of ‘Academic Freedom,’ Scholar at Center of German Anti-Semitism Row Campaigned to Exclude Israeli Professors
By Ben Cohen
Achille Mbembe, a prominent South African academic whose invitation to address a cultural festival in Germany has been at the center of an angry row over anti-Semitism and free speech himself threatened to boycott a university conference in 2018, because of his objection to the presence of colleagues from Israel. Read Here
2. Former NJ teacher whose lessons questioned Holocaust, 9/11 loses appeal of firing
By Nick Muscavage
A former Woodbridge High School teacher lost an appeal of his firing for introducing “repugnant” and “anti-Semitic” materials into lessons on the Holocaust and 9/11. Jason Mostafa Ali’s federal court appeal alleged he was terminated as a history teacher because of his race and religion. It was later revealed in court that many of Ali’s students submitted written assignments “embracing theories of Holocaust denial,” according to court documents. Read Here
ANALYSIS
(6 Pieces)
1. Global Trends in Conspiracy Theories Linking Jews with Coronavirus
By Alyssa Weiner
Just as social media giants are correctly policing their sites to remove false news about the virus or sham claims of unproven remedies, we should continue to remind them that swiftly removing anti-Semitic hate speech, related to COVID-19 and otherwise, is also part of their corporate social responsibility. Read Here
2. On Social Media, Haredi and Orthodox Jewish Communities are Scapegoated and Blamed for COVID-19
By ADL
ADL has seen a significant increase in anti-Semitic social media posts targeting Orthodox Jewish communities in New York and New Jersey. These posts have blamed the Orthodox community for the spread of the virus, suggested that Orthodox and Haredi Jews should be denied medical treatment, called on law enforcement to use water hoses and tear gas to stop Orthodox community members from gathering, and even indicated that the Orthodox Jewish community should be wiped off the planet once. Read Here
3. The difference between Israeli and American responses to Jew-hatred
By ARDIE GELDMAN
Hearing or reading about anti-Semitism in New York, Miami or Los Angeles is to an Israeli Jew somewhat like reading a novel. They may be shocked, but they sense no personal looming danger. Israelis look upon this anti-Semitism from afar and view those responsible as simply cretins. Unfortunately, a different form and level of anti-Semitism does threaten the Jews of Israel. This anti-Semitism emanates from Shi’ite Iran. Read Here
4. Spate of anti-Semitic incidents in Europe draws stark warning from WZO
By Israel Hayom
Following a series of anti-Semitic incidents across Europe in recent days, World Zionist Organization vice chairman Yaakov Hagoel called for urgent action. “Anti-Semitic events have become commonplace for the Jews around the world. Unfortunately, for worldwide governments, the window of time to build a plan to eradicate anti-Semitism is running out,” said Hagoel. Read Here
5. Hatemongers exploiting coronavirus pandemic to push anti-Semitism worldwide
By Edna Friedberg
The history of bigots linking disease with Jews is a long and ugly one. The Holocaust teaches us that in times of instability and fear, people who didn’t previously express or tolerate racist views may find them less offensive, or even appealing. History reminds us that propagandists have always exploited fear to spread their messages. Let us all recommit to calling out hate speech when we see it and demanding the same of the online worlds we populate. Read Here
6. ‘Jews Control Chinese Labs That Created Coronavirus’: White Supremacists’ Dangerous New Conspiracy Theory
By Flora Cassen
The discussions about Jews’ “responsibility” for the coronavirus are generally riffs on the storied theory of a global Jewish conspiracy for power and domination. The newer element is the idea of coronavirus as a grand plan engineered by the Jews and China together. The idea of the Jews pulling the strings but using proxies for deniability and to amplify their power is a core plank of far right thought. Read Here
STUDIES AND STATISTICS
(3 Piece)
1. 2019 Anti-Semitism report in Berlin
By RIAS
A total of 329 people and 391 institutions were directly affected by anti-Semitism in Berlin in 2019. Almost two thirds of the individuals concerned were Jewish or were addressed as Jewish, almost as many as last year. Read Here
2. 2019 Anti-Semitism report in Brandenburg
By RIAS
In 2019, the research and information center for anti-Semitism (RIAS) Brandenburg recorded 137 anti-Semitic incidents. With 23 cases, most of the incidents took place in the state capital Potsdam. Read Here
3. Polling shows anti-Israel positions of youth fade in US with age
By HERB KEINON
According to a Gallup poll, less than half (48%) of those in the 18-34 age group said that their sympathies are more with Israel than with the Palestinians – a figure well below the national average of 60% whose sympathies are with Israel. However, the next Gallup poll group – the 35-54 year olds – is very supportive of Israel, with 61% of this group saying their sympathies are more with Israel, and only 19% saying they favored the Palestinians. Read Here
FEATURED PARTNER
Combat Anti-Semitism is proud to be a partner of Students Supporting Israel (SSI), a pro-Israel international campus movement. Learn more about SSI below.
Pro-Israel Students at Conference Gain knowledge, Confidence in Combating Hate on Campus
By SHIRYN GHERMEZIAN
Pro-Israel students from 30 university campuses across the United States and Canada gathered last week in New York City for a three-day conference to learn about defending Israel effectively, confidently and unapologetically at their schools.The conference was hosted by Students Supporting Israel, a nonpartisan, non-Jewish campus group, and took place at Columbia University, which has been called one of the most hostile colleges for pro-Israel students. Read Here
Students Supporting Israel is a rapidly growing pro-Israel international campus movement that supports the State of Israel. Founded at the University of Minnesota in early 2012, it currently has multiple chapters across the United States and Canada. SSI’s mission is to be a clear and confident pro-Israel voice on college campuses, and to support students in grassroots pro-Israel advocacy.
PARTNER Content
CELEBRATING THE PROMISE OF A NATION CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY AND DEDICATED TO HUMAN EQUALITY
By National Museum of American Jewish History
May is Jewish American Heritage Month (JAHM) in recognition of the indelible contributions American Jews have made, and continue to make, to our nation’s history, culture, and society. Through Jewish American Heritage Month 2020, organizations around the country are showing the ways in which this history deserves our collective attention, pride, and celebration. Learn how Jews have shaped and been shaped by America across almost four centuries. Spread the word. Join in the celebration! Read Here
50,000 scholar NGO slams ‘anti-Semitic’ BDS prof., supports German rep.
By BENJAMIN WEINTHAL
The 50,000 scholars affiliated with SPME wrote that they support “the latest actions of Germany’s federal anti-Semitism commissioner Dr. Felix Klein who condemned the invite of Achille Mbembe. Klein correctly pointed out that Mbembe had made the anti-Semitic equation between the former apartheid regime in South Africa and the Israeli government, endorsed the global BDS campaign, and diminished the Holocaust by comparing it with the apartheid system.” Read Here
Unlikely Allies – COVID-19 Israeli-Arab cooperation: Video Briefing with Khaled Abu Toameh
By ELNET
As the crisis over the coronavirus intensifies, ELNET is pursuing creative approaches to continue educational programs by utilizing new technologies and innovative solutions to connect European and Israeli leaders. Watch below for a policy briefing with leading expert on Palestinian affairs, Khaled Abu Toameh on the Israeli-Palestinian cooperation amid the coronavirus pandemic. Watch Here
Voice4Israel: Support Our Students – How To Address The Rising Campus Anti Israel Activity
By Voice4Israel of North Carolina
Hear from a panel including Max Cherman, a senior at Duke University, Dr. Tammi Rossman-Benjamin, the founder and director of AMCHA Initiative, Joel Bond, Assistant Director of Alums for Campus Fairness (ACF), and Carly Gammill, Director of StandWithUs Center for Combating Antisemitism discuss the current anti-Israel climate on college campuses and offer effective tools and resources for addressing this condemning and intimidating activity. Watch Here
Government & Policy Update
This section highlights the work of government officials around the world that are combating anti-Semitism in their official capacities.
(3 Pieces)
1. US intelligence director urges France to ban Hezbollah
By BENJAMIN WEINTHAL
US acting Director of National Intelligence Richard Grenell has conveyed to France’s government the pressing need to outlaw the Lebanese terrorist movement Hezbollah. Grenell, in his capacity as acting director of national intelligence, spoke with Emmanuel Bonne, the foreign policy adviser to the president of France, to press him on banning Hezbollah in France and working to support an EU-wide ban.” Read Here
2. US will push countries to love their Jews more, anti-Semitism monitor says
By RON KAMPEAS
Elan Carr, the State Department’s anti-Semitism monitor, wants other countries to love their Jews more as a means of countering anti-Semitism. In a press call to mark Jewish American Heritage Month, Carr outlined steps to advocate for defending Jews as violent anti-Semitism spikes. “In addition to all of those important defense measures, we are determined to work with allies in developing Philo-Semitic narratives, in the hope that every society dedicates itself to embrace and to treasure its Jewish community.” Read Here
3. Bipartisan US House majority backs extending UN arms embargo on Iran
By JNS
In a letter, 387 members—or nearly 90 percent—of the U.S. House of Representatives called on U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to work with U.S. allies in extending the U.N. arms embargo on Iran. The embargo will expire on Oct. 18, as will U.N. travel restrictions on Iranians associated with arms proliferation—the latter of which the letter also calls to be extended. Read Here
HUMANITY
(5 Pieces)
1. Jay Leno hosts United Hatzalah fundraiser
By JERUSALEM POST STAFF
American comic icon Jay Leno hosted a virtual fundraiser to benefit United Hatzalah of Israel, a volunteer first-responder medical organization. The show, titled “Saving Lives Sunday,” featured appearances by mentalist Lior Suchard, video blogger Nuseir Yassin (Daily Nas), “Fauda” actress Rona Lee Shimon and Broadway actor Adam Kantor, who, along with singer Dudu Aharon, led a moving version of Leonard Cohen’s ‘Hallelujah.” Read Here
2. Natan Sharansky is using his ‘Jewish Nobel’ winnings to help vulnerable people affected by COVID-19
By MARCY OSTER
Sharansky, the former Soviet dissident who has become a prominent leader in Israel, and the Genesis Prize Foundation are announcing that his winnings will go to organizations fighting the pandemic and supporting individuals most affected by it in Israel, the United States and seven other countries. Read Here
3. Israeli Defense Minister Announces ‘Major Breakthrough’ in Treating COVID-19
By Aaron Bandler
Israeli Defense Minister Naftali Bennett announced that Israel’s Institute for Biological Research (IIBR) has reached a significant development in treating COVID-19 and has completed an antibody that attacks and neutralizes the coronavirus. Read Here
4. Arizona opens first Trade Office in Israel
By JERUSALEM POST STAFF
Arizona opened its first trade office in Israel, expressing confidence in Israeli high-tech and Israeli economy. The office is headed by entrepreneur David Yaari and will focus on promoting economic growth by building international trade, investment, and technology relations between Israel and the Southeastern US state. Read Here
5. 40th Anniversary of “Zionism is Racism”: Moynihan’s Historic Speech
By UN Watch
On the occasion of its 40th anniversary, we feature the historic November 10, 1975 speech delivered right after the U.N. declared that “Zionism is racism.” The resolution was repealed in 1991, but its spirit tragically lives on in the form of the U.N.’s enduring obsession with condemning Israel.
The abomination of anti-semitism has been given the appearance of international sanction. The General Assembly today grants symbolic amnesty — and more — to the murderers of the six million European Jews. Evil enough in itself, but more ominous by far is the realization that now presses upon us — the realization that if there were no General Assembly, this could never have happened.
Read The Full Speech Here
OVER 200,000 INDIVIDUALS AND 210 ORGANIZATIONS HAVE SIGNED OUR PLEDGE. THANK YOU FOR YOUR SUPPORT!
“Combat anti-Semitism (CAM) is a non-partisan, global grassroots movement of interfaith individuals and organizations united to combat anti-Semitism. CAM exposes anti-Semitic activity from across the ideological spectrum and highlights those working to fight against its resurgence. One of the most pernicious forms of modern anti-Semitism is the effort to deny and delegitimize the Jewish people’s right to self-determination and their profound historic, religious and cultural connection to their ancestral homeland, Israel. Humanity flourishes when religious, ethnic, and cultural diversity is respected, and we hope to encourage understanding and set an example through our work. Anti-Semitism is the oldest form of bigotry and by working to eliminate it, we hope tragedies like the holocaust or any incidents of hate inspired speech or violence perpetrated against the Jewish people, Israel, or any discriminated group are reduced significantly.”
